Sources: Qur'an 2:256, 49:14; Sahih al-Bukhari 3660, 3925, 4302; Musnad Ahmad 1740, 14456, 16957; Sunan Abi Dawud 2766; Ibn Ishaq (Ibn Hisham), al-Sira; Ibn Kathir, al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya; Ibn Sa'd, al-Tabaqat; al-Tabari, Tarikh; Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam, Futuh Misr; al-Maqrizi, al-Khitat; Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni; John of Nikiu, Chronicle; Akhbar al-Sin wa'l-Hind; Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Battuta, Rihla; al-Bakri, al-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik; al-'Umari, Masalik al-Absar; Ibn Fadlan, Risala; Ibn Miskawayh, Tajarib al-Umam; al-Biruni, Tahqiq ma li'l-Hind (trans. Sachau, 1910). Researched with Qaf.
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